What is DNA?

DNA is made up of chemical building blocks called nucleotides, which are arranged in a double-helix structure. Each DNA molecule contains:

• Genes: Segments of DNA that carry specific instructions for making proteins, the building blocks of the body.
• Chromosomes: Thread-like structures that store DNA; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• Mutations: Changes in DNA sequences that can be inherited or occur due to environmental factors.

How Does DNA Affect Health?

1. Genetic Disorders: Some conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease, are caused by inherited genetic mutations.
2. Cancer Risk: Certain genetic mutations increase susceptibility to cancers, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations linked to breast and ovarian cancer.
3. Metabolism and Weight Regulation: Genetic factors can influence metabolism, appetite, and fat storage, affecting weight management.
4. Heart Disease and Diabetes: Family history plays a role in conditions like hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes.
5. Mental Health Conditions: Genetics may contribute to mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.

Can Lifestyle Choices Influence DNA?

While we cannot change our genetic code, lifestyle choices can influence gene expression through a process called epigenetics. Factors that affect gene expression include:

• Diet: Nutrient-rich foods can promote healthy genetic function.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity supports DNA repair and cellular health.
• Sleep: Proper rest is essential for DNA replication and repair.
• Stress Management: Chronic stress can negatively impact gene expression.
• Avoiding Toxins: Smoking, excessive alcohol, and pollution can lead to harmful genetic mutations.

DNA Testing and Personalized Medicine

Advances in genetic testing allow individuals to understand their risk factors for diseases and take proactive steps for better health. Personalized medicine tailors treatments based on an individual’s genetic profile, improving effectiveness and reducing adverse effects.